Greek and Roman Logic

In ancient philosophy, there is no discipline called “logic” in the contemporary sense of “the study of formally valid arguments.” Rather, once a subfield of philosophy comes to be called “logic,” namely in Hellenistic philosophy, the field includes (among other things) epistemology, normative epistemology, philosophy of language, the theory of truth, and what we call logic today. This entry aims to examine ancient theorizing that makes contact with the contemporary conception. Thus, we will here emphasize the theories of the “syllogism” in the Aristotelian and Stoic traditions. However, because the context in which these theories were developed and discussed were deeply epistemological in nature, we will also include references to the areas of epistemological theorizing that bear directly on theories of the syllogism, particularly concerning “demonstration.” Similarly, we will include literature that discusses the principles governing logic and the components that make up arguments, which are topics that might now fall under the headings of philosophy of logic or non-classical logic. This includes discussions of problems and paradoxes that connect to contemporary logic and which historically spurred developments of logical method. For example, there is great interest among ancient philosophers in the question of whether all statements have truth-values. Relevant themes here include future contingents, paradoxes of vagueness, and semantic paradoxes like the liar. We also include discussion of the paradoxes of the infinite for similar reasons, since solutions have introduced sophisticated tools of logical analysis and there are a range of related, modern philosophical concerns about the application of some logical principles in infinite domains. Our criterion excludes, however, many of the themes that Hellenistic philosophers consider part of logic, in particular, it excludes epistemology and metaphysical questions about truth. Ancient philosophers do not write treatises “On Logic,” where the topic would be what today counts as logic. Instead, arguments and theories that count as “logic” by our criterion are found in a wide range of texts. For the most part, our entry follows chronology, tracing ancient logic from its beginnings to Late Antiquity. However, some themes are discussed in several eras of ancient logic; ancient logicians engage closely with each other’s views. Accordingly, relevant publications address several authors and periods in conjunction. These contributions are listed in three thematic sections at the end of our entry

Dialect lexicography

He aquí una breve presentación de los artículos publicados en este número extraordinario dedicado a la lexicografía dialectal y a los resultados obtenidos de los diferentes proyectos en curso. Los trabajos se centran en diversos aspectos de la presencia de los dialectos en diccionarios ya publicados, algunos de ellos históricos, así como en los contemporáneos, que contribuyen a registrar tanto las variedades lingüísticas que están en peligro de desaparecer como el producto de los nuevos contactos e intercambios lingüísticos.We briefly introduce the papers in this special issue of Dialectologia devoted to dialect lexicography and to the results obtained from different on-going projects. The papers focus on several aspects of the presence of dialects in dictionaries already published, some of them historical, as well as contemporary ones, which help to register both linguistic varieties that are at danger of disappearing as the results of new contacts and language exchanges

As zonas da arte

RAFAEL VOGT MAIA ROSA entrevista o crítico de arte, curador eprofessor de Yale Robert Stor

O computador como ferramenta auxiliar no processo ensino-aprendizagem para alunos portadores de paralisia cerebral

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de ProduçãoO presente trabalho trata da Educação, nas diversas modalidades de deficiência e a utilização do computador como elemento facilitador do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. O avanço da informática abriu muitas possibilidades para que as pessoas com necessidades educativas especiais pudessem desenvolver suas potencialidades e adequarem-se no mundo do trabalho. O trabalho aborda a utilização do computador na educação de alunos portadores de paralisia cerebral, da Escola de Educação Especial Nábil Tacla com sede em Curitiba-PR. A escola atende a 183 crianças com idades que variam de 2 a 16 anos. O emprego da Informática, por meio de pequenas adaptações da tecnologia padrão existente através do computador possibilita a superação de algumas barreiras de aspecto, físico, pessoal e social dessas crianças. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o trabalho desenvolvido pela Escola Nábil Tacla, com o uso do computador como ferramenta auxiliar no processo ensino-aprendizagem, comparando o desenvolvimento físico, pessoal e social dos alunos antes e depois da utilização da tecnologi

Corpo e linguagem

RAFAEL VOGT MAIA ROSA entrevista a performer e coreógrafa norte-americana K.J. Holmes

Byproducts of orange extraction: influence of different treatments in fiber composition and physical and chemical parameters

In this work we evaluated the variability in fiber content and physical and chemical parameters of byproducts from orange juice extraction. Five different treatments and two drying methods were evaluated. The results indicate that drying by lyophilization was better than that drying in an oven. The pH ranged from approximately 3.47 to 3.96. The variation in moisture values was 9.22% ± 0.02 to 18.48 ± 0.52%. The total dietary fiber content in the resulting flours ranged from 42.44% to 62.74%. The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents differed among the samples, ranging from 5.04% to 19.95% for the first fiber type, and 23.96% to 57.70% for the second. In conclusion, three treatments, associated with freeze-drying, showed promising results in the development of fiber-rich product. However, some modifications are needed, as well as further analysis, to guarantee the benefits of these products for human health. This study contributes to the possible application of industrial byproducts.Neste trabalho avaliou-se a variabilidade no conteúdo de fibras e nos parâmetros físico-químicos de subprodutos da extração do suco de laranja. Investigaram-se cinco diferentes pré-tratamentos e dois tipos de secagens dos produtos. Os resultados indicam que a secagem por liofilização é melhor que aquela feita em estufa. O pH dos produtos variou de, aproximadamente, 3,47 a 3,96. A variação entre os valores de perda por dessecação foi de 9,22% ± 0,02 a 18,48 ± 0,52%. O conteúdo de fibras totais encontrado nas farinhas obtidas variou de 42,44% a 62,74%. O conteúdo de fibras dietéticas solúveis e insolúveis diferiu entre as amostras de 5,04% a 19,95%, para a primeira, e 23,96% a 57,70%, para a segunda. Como conclusões, três tratamentos, associados à secagem por liofilização demonstraram resultados promissores no desenvolvimento de produto rico em fibras, entretanto, algumas modificações e novas análises devem ser realizadas a fim de garantir os benefícios desses produtos para a saúde. Esse estudo contribui para uma possível utilização de subprodutos da indústria alimentícia

Health literacy among different age groups in Germany : results of a cross-sectional survey

BACKGROUND: Health literacy is of increasing importance in public health research. It is a necessary pre-condition for the involvement in decisions about health and health care and related to health outcomes. Knowledge about limited health literacy in different age groups is crucial to better target public health interventions for subgroups of the population. However, little is known about health literacy in Germany. The study therefore assesses the prevalence of limited health literacy and associated factors among different age groups. METHODS: The Health Literacy Survey Germany is a cross-sectional study with 2,000 participants aged 15 years or older in private households. Perceived health literacy was assessed via computer-assisted personal interviews using the HLS-EU-Q-47 questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, chi-square tests and odds ratios were performed stratified for different age groups. RESULTS: The population affected by limited perceived health literacy increases by age. Of the respondents aged 15-29 years, 47.3 % had limited perceived health literacy and 47.2 % of those aged 30-45 years, whereas 55.2 % of the respondents aged 46-64 years and 66.4 % aged 65 years and older showed limited perceived health literacy. In all age groups, limited perceived health literacy was associated with limited functional health literacy, low social status, and a high frequency of doctor visits. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a need to further investigate perceived health literacy in all phases of the life-course. Particular attention should be devoted to persons with lower social status, limited functional health literacy and/or a high number of doctor visits in all age groups

Short‐term fully closed‐loop insulin delivery using faster insulin aspart compared to standard insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of short‐term fully closed‐loop insulin delivery using faster versus standard insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes. Fifteen adults with insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes underwent 22 hours of closed‐loop insulin delivery with either faster or standard insulin aspart in a double‐blind randomised crossover design. Basal‐bolus regimen was replaced by model predictive control algorithm‐directed insulin delivery based on sensor glucose levels. The primary outcome was time with plasma glucose in target range (5.6‐10.0mmol/l) and did not differ between treatments (mean difference [95%CI] ‐3.3% [8.2;1.7], p=0.17). Mean glucose and glucose variability were comparable, as was time spent below and above target range. Hypoglycaemia (<3.5mmol/l) occurred once with faster insulin aspart and twice with standard insulin aspart. Mean total insulin dose was higher with faster insulin aspart (mean difference [95%CI] 3.7U [0.7;6.8], p=0.021). No episodes of severe hypoglycaemia or other serious adverse events occurred. In conclusion, short‐term fully closed‐loop in type 2 diabetes may require higher dose of faster insulin aspart compared to standard insulin aspart to achieve comparable glucose control.Swiss National Science Foundation (P1BEP3_165297), UDEM Scientific Fund, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre - NIHR

Fokusakzente in freien mündlichen Äußerungen italienischer Germanistikstudentinnen und -studenten

Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Frage, ob fortgeschrittene italienische DaFLernende in der Lage sind, Fokusakzente angemessen zu platzieren, d. h. den semantisch-pragmatisch wichtigsten Teil der jeweiligen Äußerung durch Tonhöhenbewegungen hervorzuheben. Es wird angenommen, dass dies in freier Rede prinzipiell möglich ist (Hypothese 1), auch wenn Schwierigkeiten aufgrund sprachspezifischer Regeln zur Bestimmung des Fokusexponenten (und zur Deakzentuierung) zu erwarten sind (Hypothese 2). Die beiden Hypothesen wurden anhand eines Korpus von freien Äußerungen sechs italienischer Germanistikstudierender (insgesamt ca. 18 Minuten) überprüft. Viele korrekte Fokusakzente scheinen zu bestätigen, dass die semantische Steuerung von Fokus dessen Erwerb auch in der Fremdsprache möglich macht. Allerdings befindet sich der Fokusakzent häufig auf dem letzten Inhaltswort einer Phrase und kann auch mit einer einfachen Positionsregel erklärt werden. Die Tatsache, dass bei engem Fokus Probleme auftreten, lässt vermuten, dass die semantische Steuerung in der Fremdsprache nicht uneingeschränkt gilt

Verbascum thapsus: Antifungal and phytotoxic properties

Verbascum thapsus (Schrophulariaceae) better known as Mullein is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, asthma, spasmodic cough, diarrhea, and other pulmonary problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of V. thapsus extracts on fungal plant pathogens growth and seed germination. Verbascum thapsus leaves were treated with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, cold and warm water to obtained the extracts. Antifungal activity was observed mainly in the methanol extract (1000 µg mL-1) against Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina. Furthermore, results show that the hexane, cold and warm aqueous extract favored or had no toxic effect on Lycopersicon esculentum and Triticum aestivum seeds germination and growth, while the chloroform and methanol extracts affected negatively the germination.Fil: Vogt, Maria Veronica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Cravero, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Tonn, Carlos Eugenio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnología Química. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnología Química; ArgentinaFil: Sabini, Liliana Ines. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Rosas, Susana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin